Risky environments, hidden knowledge, and preferences for contract flexibility: An artefactual field experiment

Sebastian Kuntea and Meike Wollni

SECTOR

Contract

PROJECT TYPE

Field experiment

DOI

Location

Kenya

BEHAVIORAL THEME

Contract flexibility | Risk sharing | Hidden knowledge | Investment game | Nairobi slums
OVERVIEW

Contract flexibility can be expedient for economic exchange in environments with high ambiguity and risk, but may also encourage opportunistic behavior. We run a modified investment game, including the choice between two different contract designs and asymmetric information about the realized surplus (i.e., hidden knowledge). We examine if Nairobi slum dwellers choose flexible over rigid contracts when interacting in risky environments and whether preferences for contract flexibility are sensitive to the exogenous probability of experiencing a negative shock. We find that most interaction is realized through flexible agreements. Principals offer a higher level of flexibility if the likelihood of a shock is high, relative to the low-risk environment. Agents are somewhat more reluctant to sign rigid agreements when facing the threat of a bad state. While agents and the overall efficiency benefit from higher flexibility, principals always do better by opting for a rigid contract.

THEMATIC AREAS

Our main contribution is to show that strong preferences for flexibility exist among slum dwellers and they become even stronger in a high-risk environment (compared to a low-risk). This is no surprise in the agent’s case. Yet, considering that the principal is doing worse with a flexible agreement in all conditions and opportunistic behavior by the agent is encouraged, the question remains why offering flexibility is this prevalent after all. One explanation could be the existence of corresponding social norms. Offering rigid exchange without flexibility but with the threat of punishment may be considered rude. This argument becomes flimsy against the backdrop of the heavy actual retaliation we observe.